The Consequences of Stratification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Consequences of Stratification - Essay Example The finish of securing and collection is customarily held to be the utilization of the merchandise aggregated - regardless of whether it is utilization straightforwardly by the proprietor of the products or by the family unit joined to him and for this reason related to him in principle. This is in any event felt to be the financially real finish of procurement, which alone it is officeholder on the hypothesis to assess. Such utilization may obviously be considered to serve the shopper's physical needs - his physical solace - or his supposed higher needs - otherworldly, Ã ¦sthetic, scholarly, or what not; the last class of needs being served in a roundabout way by a use of merchandise, after the design recognizable to every financial peruser (Grusky, 1994). It is obviously not to be ignored that in a network where about all products are private property the need of acquiring an employment is a ground-breaking and ever-present impetus for the less fortunate individuals from the network. The need of resource and of an expansion of physical solace may for a period be the prevailing thought process of securing for those classes who are constantly utilized at difficult work, whose means is on a shaky balance, who have close to nothing and normally nearly nothing; yet it will show up over the span of the conversation that even on account of these impecunious classes the transcendence of the rationale of physical need isn't so chosen as has once in a while been accepted. Then again, so far as respects those individuals and classes of the network who are mainly worried in the gathering of riches, the motivating force of means or of physical solace never has an extensive impact. Possession started and developed into a human organization on groun ds disconnected to the resource least. The predominant impetus was from the start the harmful qualification connecting to riches and, spare

How to Make and Keep an Appointment in German

The most effective method to Make and Keep an Appointment in German Regardless of in the event that you are masterminding a first date or a dental specialist arrangement, the manners of dependability is popular in Germany. This article will instruct you progressively about how to make arrangements in Germany and express appropriate courses of action in German. Schedule Dates and Clock Times in German Lets start with fixing a date. Dates of the month are portrayed with a framework called ordinal numbers. On the off chance that you need a boost, you can survey jargon for quite a long time, days, and seasons. In Spoken German For numbers up to 19, include the addition - teâ to the number. After 20, the addition is - ste. The trickiest piece of getting your postfix right is to see that it will change contingent upon the case and sexual orientation of your sentence. For instance, take a gander at these two sentences: Model: Ich mã ¶chte am vierten Januar in Urlaub fahren. - I might want to go on vacation on the fourth January.Der vierte Februar ist noch frei. - The fourth of February is sans still. The closure changes are in accordance with how a descriptive words endings change as its utilized in a sentence. In Written German Communicating ordinal numbers in composed German is much simpler since there is no compelling reason to change the postfix to case and sex. For dates in the schedule, essentially include a speck after the number. Note that the German schedule position is dd.mm.yyyy. Treffen wir uns am 31.10.? - Are we meeting on 10/31?*Leider kann ich nicht am 31. Wie wre es mit dem 3.11.? - Unfortunately I cannot make it on the 31st. What about 11/3? The most effective method to Set a Time The second piece of making your arrangement is setting an appropriate time. In the event that you need to surrender the proposal over to your discussion accomplice, you can inquire: Um wieviel Uhr passt es Ihnen am Besten? - What time is best for you? For a firmer recommendation, the accompanying expressions will be useful:â Wie sieht es um 14 Uhr aus? - How does 2 pm look?KÃ ¶nnen Sie/Kannst du um 11:30? - Can you make it at 11:30?Wie wre es um 3 Uhr nachmittags? - How around 3 pm? Germans are morning people, incidentally. The standard working day runs from 8 am to 4 pm, with an hour of mid-day break permitted. School days likewise start at 8 am. In formal situations and composed language, Germans will talk regarding the 24-hour clock, yet informally its likewise regular to hear times portrayed in the 12-hour position. On the off chance that you might want to propose a gathering at 2 pm, 14 Uhrâ or 2 Uhr nachmittagsâ or 2 Uhrâ can all be viewed as proper. Its best to submit the general direction to your discussion accomplice. Timeliness Equals Politeness As per the generalization, Germans are especially annoyed by lateness. The oft-cited saying Pã ¼nktlichkeit ist pass on Hã ¶flichkeit der Kã ¶nigeâ (punctuality is the consideration of lords) summarizes what your German companions or associates may think. So how late is past the point of no return? As indicated by the behavior manage, Knigge showing up just on time is the thing that you should focus on, and zu frã ¼h is auch unpã ¼nktlich. Too soon is unpunctual, as well. So at the end of the day, guarantee that you ascertain travel times effectively and dont be late. Obviously, a coincidental will be excused and calling ahead in the event that it looks as if you wont figure out how to show up on time is enthusiastically suggested. Indeed, the issue goes considerably more profound than a basic time delay. In the German-talking world, arrangements are considered as solid guarantees. Regardless of on the off chance that you are focusing on supper at a companions house or a conference, retreating ultimately will be taken as a signal of discourtesy. To put it plainly, the best tip for establishing a decent connection in Germany is consistently to turn up on schedule and be decidedly ready for any gathering. Furthermore, by on schedule, they mean not early and not late.

Changes in technology Essay Example for Free

Changes in innovation Essay Innovation upgrades globalization. In recent decades, innovation burst out like a blast, certainly, the enhancements of innovation make our lives substantially more accommodation. Furthermore, the cutting edge innovation in microchips, Internet, and transportation empower the spreading out of globalization. Slope, C., (2001) expressed Globalization has two primary segments: the globalization of business sectors and the globalization of item. At the end of the day, the changing in innovation would prompt an impact on globalization of business sectors and globalization of creation. The broadly use in chip and broadcast communications expanding the measure of data being moved, yet bring down its expense. This is useful in blending markets. The open doors for organizations to consume organizations are raised, due to falling in worldwide correspondence cost. Refreshed information can be gathered, and checking abroad markets pattern would get simpler. Also, populace of utilizing Internet develops constantly since 1995 (Hill, C., 2001). This assists with making a worldwide crowd; advertisings are not limited by geographic district any longer. Items can sold at abroad, for example, Hill, C. (2001) called attention to client can purchase Levis pants in Paris; McDonalds eatery situated in Tokyo. What's more, the expense of transportation plunged, due to the altered in transportation business, likewise supportive for development of business. Makers can ship items at a lower cost and in a shorter time. As the in vogue of globalization of creation, gainful exercises spread out over the world, development and generally utilization of chip and Internet help director to control the profitable exercises, and simpler to correspondence to other all the while. The dispersal of creation, for example Hewlett-Packard isolated its tasks exercises to better places, yet lessening cost simultaneously (Hill, C. 2001). As the diminishing expense in transportation, numerous organizations move their assembling plants to countries that give less expensive crude materials and nature assets, so as to lessening their creation cost. Summering the above focuses, the three fundamental changes in innovation (microchips, Internet, and transportation) have an extraordinary steady toâ the globalization of business sectors and creation. On the off chance that the lower cost of correspondence doesn't exist, individuals around the globe would not have such huge numbers of opportunities to associate with others and business would not put cash to broaden their business sectors. On the off chance that the world without Internet and the World Wide Web, individuals may not ready to get the most refreshed data, the creation aptitudes can't be improved and profitable exercises can't be shared. Without the accommodation transportation framework, client and supplier would not associate one another; items can't move to abroad market. Consequently, individuals would lose the chances to appreciate various items from all around the globe. At long last, markets from various nations ought not be combined, and the creation procedure ought not spread out. That is the reason the innovation basic and upgrade globalization. The above task is originating from the assets of Hill, C., Globalization, International Business, 2001, third ed, McGraw-Hill Higher Education, New York.

National Honor Society Scholarships Essay

The National Honor Society is an American organization with chapters in high schools in all 50 states, several U.S. territories, and Canada. The National Honor Society was established in 1921 as an organization that would recognize and foster academic achievement while developing other characteristics essential to citizens in a democracy. Through this activity, the society supports and recommends the use of a multi-faceted definition of character known as the â€Å"Six Pillars of Character.† A person of character demonstrates the following six qualities: respect, responsibility, trustworthiness, fairness, caring, and citizenship. Schools are encouraged to take this model, modify it to meet their local needs, and utilize it frequently in the work of their chapter (therefore you may encounter with such variations of it as national junior honor society or national technical honor society). According to the National Honor Society Constitution, the purpose of this organization shall be to create enthusiasm for scholarship, to stimulate a desire to render service, to promote leadership, and to develop character in the students of secondary schools. National honor society application process and requirements More than just an honor roll, NHS serves to honor those students who have demonstrated excellence in the areas of Scholarship, Leadership, Service, and Character. NHS of leadership and success pomotes and provides leadership development opportunities to prepare and empower students to serve their schools and communities. Membership in NHS is both an honor and an obligation. The application part consists of several steps to complete: The first part of the application process students select five separate criteria points for leadership and provide with specific examples as to how they have met each of the criteria points. At least four of the five examples must come from the school setting, and no more than one example can come from outside the school setting. This information should be documented in the application materials proving that the criteria have been met in each chosen area. As the second part of application process goes next, the candidates will be asked to write a short essay to define their character criteria. Writing an essay even though may seem challenging is a substantial part of everyday student life. The biggest problem students usually struggle with is finding research paper topic. The main difficulty is that topic is the most important element of the whole essay for your application process. The success of your paper depends on the topic for 90% and the last 20% is for structuring and formatting it. Thus, there are few of good practices on how to write a good application essay. Treat writing an essay as an opportunity, not a burden. Use it to tell us a part of your story, add few examples that presents some situations or events happen in your life which helped you to get stronger, build up your personality and played crucial part in your personal development. If youre recounting an event, take it beyond the chronological storytelling. Include some opinion and don’t try to add as much event as you can remember. Be short: tackling too much tends to make your essay too watered down or disjointed. Don’t be afraid to reveal yourself in your writing and be comfortable showing your vulnerability. The essay is called to show who you are and how you think. Thus, try to write thoughtfully and with authenticity. Show that you are the one who believes in what you are saying versus the one who is simply saying what others want to hear. Make sure your thesis is clear to you and to the reader, It should indicate where youre going and what youre trying to communicate. Proofread your essay and get the feedback on it. But keep in mind to limit the number of people who review your essay as too much input could bring it to the point where your voice is lost in the writing. The third part of application process states that the student has met the service criteria needed to enter the society by completing community work. Each school provides different hours to meet, but in average it is around 20 hours. Once candidate is selected, members have the responsibility of continuing to demonstrate the qualities of superior scholarship, community service, responsible leadership, and character. After completing the selection process, the Faculty Council to the NHS chapter recommends ceremony where they promise to uphold the four ideals of the Honor Society-Scholarship, Leadership, Service and Character. To sum up the above is it important to say that joining the ranks of the National Honor Society is a dream of every conscientious and ambitions student, and writing an entrance essay is an important step on the way to this goal. The essay must present achievements and aspirations of an applicant student in concise and compelling manner. Taking into the consideration the history of NHS, embodying its values and following the steps of the admission process, you will be well-prepared for it. Thus, our advice is to follow the hints for the application essay writing above and make a difference by your writing. After all, writing is a talent, you may be an excellent student yet need a little assistance in putting your deeds into accurate wording. In order to create a good story of your academic perseverance and community activities and become a part of the NHS community, you have to have a strong and powerful essay to reveal who you really are and don’t forget to participate in volunteer activities, apply for college scholarships and you will be the perfect candidate to be considered to join NHS organization.

The Social Responsibility Of A Social Service - 899 Words

Man is a social animal so he cannot live alone. Society does its best to provide the individual with all the comforts amenities and facilities of life. So it is duty to do service for others. Nowadays more and more organizations are engaging in positive way often referred to as corporate social responsibility. It is important to doing a social service all organizations. CSR aims to embrace responsibility for to reassure a positive effect on the environment and stakeholders containing consumers, employees, investors, communities and others. Firstly how company practices in CSR, how company impact on Society, what activities does CSR. Firstly, most of the companies giving free education to poor people, giving free medical check-up and†¦show more content†¦Corporate social responsibility is not working resolve the world problems. That said CSR is a way for companies to profit themselves while also benefiting societies. They take care of their employees, stakeholders, investors and customers. They give a respect of our staff s and caring for employees, delight everyone in same style, fresh food, labeling, pay suppliers on time, respecting the human rights, friendly behaving and honest. CSR following the law and solved some government issues, business on environment use nature source with care. The CSR focuses broadly on how or whether companies’ sole purpose is to improve and increase the wealth of shareholders and stakeholders and in making different kind of decisions. The debate about CSR has been introduced in every era by different platforms, which was mostly focused on large national and multinational MNC’s NC’s. However are now evolved time by time and considering wide social responsibilities for example? Community rights, environment and employee. CSR activities are directed to the natural environment. . Speculative research display that being environmentally energetic results in cost and risk decrement. Specifically data shows hat being proactive on atmosphere problems can lesser the costs of observing with present and coming environmental rules . lastly CSR activities are directed to the managing community

Comparison with Community Psychology and Public Health

Introduction The American Heritage Medical dictionary (Website one, 2007) defines community psychology (CP) as â€Å"the application of psychology to community programs for the prevention of mental health disorders and the promotion of mental health.† Public health (PH) on the other hand is defined as â€Å"the science and practice of protecting and improving the health of a community as by preventative medicine; health education; control of communicable diseases; application of sanitary measures and monitoring of environmental hazards (website two, 2007).† Both approaches have its own merits that set it apart from the other and similarities that provide common ground from which both can work in tandem. It is the aim of this assignment to compare†¦show more content†¦CP understands mental illness as being a social problem rather than a mental problem. PH on the other hand uses a multi-factorial approach. Gilbert (1995) states that this approach takes all variables and contr ibuting factors into account, it also looks at the interdependence between these variables and factors. Gilbert (1995) further states that physical and biological factors work with other factors that occur psychologically, socially and environmentally. In understanding both approaches it is understood that CP has a focus on social change, while PH has a focus on dealing with social problems. CP involves theory and social research that are not easily translatable into realistic goals and PH always involves concrete objectives that easily form realistic goals. Although CP and PH have different streams of thinking there are similarities between these two approaches. In a study of both Seedat et al (1988) and Gilbert (1995) the following similarities were established, both approaches require active participation by the community members, both seek to promote positive mental health and emphasis prevention. Skills development within the community is fundamental within both approaches. CP and PH both involve natural care-givers of the community to implement the action of each approach, taking into consideration the traditions and beliefs held by the community. According toShow MoreRelatedA Comparison of Community Psychology and Public Health1179 Words   |  5 PagesA COMPARISON OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH. In this assignment the key differences and similarities of community psychology and the public health approach will be examined and critically compared. Community Psychology is a branch of psychology which is concerned primarily with achieving positive mental health in the broader context of the community rather than the individual. 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These changes resulted in the SMI persons’ lack of access and scarcity of community mental health treatment, housing issues and homelessness, social welfare policies, stringent inpatient and drug laws, substance abuse, and poverty. These social factors contributed to increases in SMI, into the criminal justice system. Furthermore, stricterRead MoreDepression Treatments1690 Words   |  7 Pages(Willsher et al., 2013). Approximately 17% of people are having depression in their lifetime (Gibbons, et al., 2012). It was found that â€Å"more than 350 million people of all ages suffer from depression† (World Health Organization [WHO], 2012). It is the fourth in the rating of major public problems, and it is predicted to be illness number one in developed countries by year 2030 (Hollon and Sexton, 2012). In Scotland, the number of patients in ten years has been reduced by half, but the number of

Project Report On Managerial Decisions And Effective Communication

Question: Discuss about the Managerial Decisions And Effective Communication. Answer: Introduction An organization continues to evolve its strategies and approaches in order to handle the issues and challenges that hamper the growth of the organization. The organization invests its resources to seek opportunities so as to build a sustainable framework. The managers of an organization devote their significant time to identify the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead. A manager is faced with several workplace issues including interpersonal conflict, discrimination, harassment, communication problems, low motivation and job satisfaction and low performance. Communication issue is one of the major issues of the organization and has a significant impact on the productivity of the organization. The organizations have been striving hard to establish an effective communication system to increase the overall performance of the employees. Communication is the root cause of several issues and therefore, companies invest huge amount of money and manpower to have transparency and accoun tability in their processes (Argenti, 2015). Lack of communication may lead to interpersonal conflict among the employees and foster an unfriendly environment at the workplace. This, further have an impact on the performance of the employees that ultimately lowers the overall productivity of the organization (Thomas, Zolin Hartman, 2009). The paper would make an attempt to identify the issues and challenges at a workplace by evaluating one of the issues that I encountered at my workplace. Problem background would highlight the details of the issue in order to analyse the different aspect of the problem that would help to generate probable solution. Problem background I used to work as a Coordinator with one of the NGOs in Australia. My roles and responsibilities were to handle the events and activities conducted in the NGO. After working for around six months, I could identify the existing challenges of the organization that were affecting the performance of the organization. One of the major issues at the workplace was effective communication that delayed projects and other activities. The manager of our team hired me to assist him in his responsibilities that encompassed various tasks such as checking mails, coordinating meetings and other routine activities. The manager also hired volunteers during the time I was hired for the job. My first month at the organization was invested to understand my roles and responsibilities due to which I could not contribute my best efforts towards the growth of organization. Every day started with some random event that was not planned earlier and as soon as I entered the office, my manager would be looking after me to allocate some new responsibility. One day I entered my managers room after fully preparing for the event that the manager has asked me the day before. I spent all my time to consider the event from each and every aspect so that nothing goes wrong and was very much excited to discuss my plan with the manager. I was just about to demonstrate my plan to the manager that he looked at me and asked me to handle some urgent project that was due next week. I tried to tell him about my plans but he just waved his hand and got too busy with his mobile and files. I was devastated that all my hard work and efforts were for nothing. I realized that there was lack of proper communication within our team due to which volunteers would leave within few months after their joining. The manager was always busy with her own work and he would try so hard to do multiple tasks at one time that would often result in delayed projects. He never gave an attempt to distribute his work with me and volunteers due to which people left the organizat ion out of frustration. Problem definition Communication was the core problem of the organization. During my six months tenure, I was able to recognize the major communication issues at work that affected the performance of the employees. Authority or Hierarchy Problems The employees often faced the challenge of discussing their problems with the team manager. The manager was always occupied with his own projects and deadlines and never bothered to listen to his team members. After investigation and analysis, I construed that it was not managers fault, rather, the fault was of the senior management team and directors who always expected perfection from the manager and overburdened him with too many projects. The manager was often frustrated while struggling hard to meet the project deadlines. Thus, because of intense pressure from management and directors, the manager was not able to effectively utilize his team members (Zaremba, 2015). Undefined Roles and Responsibilities The team was never instructed about the work in advance, rather, they were instructed at the last moment due to which they were always under intense pressure. Further, they did not receive any support from their mentor that misled them from meeting the goals and objectives of the organization (Zaremba, 2015). Lack of Induction Program The new employees were not given any training or induction program and had to struggle for a month to figure out their roles and responsibilities. They were not given any instructions regarding their job roles. They were scolded and mistreated a time for not being able to carry their roles and responsibilities. Job Dissatisfaction Due to ineffective communication system, the entire workforce was dissatisfied with their job roles. The staff was not provided with any coaching and supervision when faced with any challenge. Further, the manager had no time to deal with their issues and challenges that often suppressed their feelings and emotions at work (Ulmer, Sellnow Seeger, 2013). High Attrition Rate Due to dissatisfied employees and ineffective communication, the organization had very high attrition rate (Tofanelli, 2012). The employees were not given any instructions and motivation to carry out their job role. Thus, the employees after consistent criticism for their work used to leave the organization. Solution Generation Communication is the process of transmitting of the information from one source to another source. Effective communication is an essential component of an organization. It ensures transparency and accountability in the organization (Ludden, 2007). The major problem at the workplace was that volunteers and employees found it difficult to share their problems with the manager. This was because the manager was under constant pressure. He was unable to understand that if he takes out some time to allocate the work to the volunteers, he would save a lot of time. Further, he would also be able to meet all his deadlines and increase work productivity by creating harmonious environment. Thus, with the establishment of effective communication within the system, the manager would have been able to handle the activities more efficiently. In order to generate solution of the problem, it is important to focus on the problem and analyse each and every aspect of it. The structure of an organization plays a significant role to facilitate effective communication within an organization (Van Riel Fombrun, 2007). The organizational structure was laid out in such a manner that the manager used to report to the senior management and directors. The manager had a team of 8 members with four volunteers and four permanent staff. The organization was expanding its operational activities due to which the horizon of managers roles and responsibilities also began to expand. The manager was earlier handling only few projects and events. With the expanding of the organization, the senior management overburdened the manager with numerous projects and assignments. Since the manager did not have any prior experience to handle too many tasks at the same time and now he had to handle too many projects with short deadline. The manager tried t o put his best effort to meet the deadline of the projects and at times he was also found juggling with two or three projects at the same time. He was often found shouting at the employees for not delivering their best performance. The senior management also began to question him for not being able to meet the deadline. This also provoked directors as they were also questioned by the sponsors and investors. Thus, the manager must understand his duties and responsibilities as a senior manager. He must realize that he has to work along with the team and cannot just work in isolation. He should also not overlook the fact that he recruited a team of volunteers for one of the crucial projects and cannot afford to waste the useful resources of the company. He has also ignored the fact that volunteers are fresh graduates and do not have any exposure to work and thus, need constant support and motivation from the supervisor. They need to be continuously directed through constant supervision in order to achieve organizations goals and objectives. They need to be introduced to the protocols and policies of the organization through an induction program (Suter, 2009). The manager must also understand that fresh graduates would require some time to get accustomed to the organizational rules and regulations and should therefore, not be pressurized or scolded for their mistakes (Hallahan, 2009). Thus, it is the manager who needs to understand the importance of effective communication within an organization. Instead of simply moving in a haphazard manner he should direct all his energy to motivate his employees by directing them towards a common goal. Solution evaluation If the manager is able to establish effective communication within the organization, he would be able to foster a positive work environment that would increase the productivity of the organization. The induction program would give time to the employees to accustom themselves to the culture of the organization. They would be able to get continuous support from their supervisor to stay directed towards common goal and objectives. This would motivate them to demonstrate better performance to yield better results. This would create job satisfaction among the employees and would ultimately reduce the attrition rate of the organization. Implementation and Action Plan Developing Induction Program An induction program introduces the employee to the organization. The employee is able to imbibe the work culture of the organization in order to align himself with the goals and objectives of the organization (Aguinis Kraiger, 2009). The manager must develop an induction program for the new employees in order to brief them about company policies and their roles and responsibilities. The employee must be able to grasp goals and objectives of the organization so as to handle critical situation effectively. They must be trained on reporting methods to the authorities and the expected results so that they manage their time accordingly. Induction program instills confidence within the employees and give them a direction to pursue their goals and objectives. Defining Roles and Responsibilities The employees must be very clear about their roles and responsibilities in order to avoid any redundancy of work. This gives a clear message to the employees in terms of their job roles and expected performance. The employees are easily able to develop their skills as per the requirement of the organization. Thus, the manager must develop proper job descriptions of the employees. Coaching and Mentoring After the employees have been introduced to the organization and their job has been allocated to them, they are faced with challenges for which they require constant support from their supervisors (DeCenzo, Robbins Verhulst, 2010). Thus, the manager must invest some of his time to coach his employees to yield better results. Conclusion The report has thus, identified the major issues and challenges of a workplace through a case study. Communication is one of the major problems of the organization and often leads to employee dissatisfaction and high turnover of the employees. A workplace must have effective communication in order to increase the overall productivity of the organization. An effective communication was evaluated to increase employee motivation and performance of the employees through induction program and constant support of the supervisor. Further, it also aligns the staff with the goals and objectives of the organization through coaching and training. References Aguinis, H., Kraiger, K. (2009). Benefits of training and development for individuals and teams, organizations, and society.Annual review of psychology,60, 451-474. Argenti, P. A. (2015).Corporate communication. US: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. DeCenzo, D. A., Robbins, S. P., Verhulst, S. L. (2010).Fundamentals of human resource management. US: John Wiley Sons, Inc.. Hallahan, K., Holtzhausen, D., Van Ruler, B., Ver?i?, D., Sriramesh, K. (2007). Defining strategic communication.International journal of strategic communication,1(1), 3-35. Ludden, M. (2007). Effective Workplace Communication:Skills for Success in Life and on the Job. Minnesota: JIST Publishing. Suter, E., Arndt, J., Arthur, N., Parboosingh, J., Taylor, E., Deutschlander, S. (2009). Role understanding and effective communication as core competencies for collaborative practice.Journal of interprofessional care,23(1), 41-51. Thomas, G. F., Zolin, R., Hartman, J. L. (2009). The central role of communication in developing trust and its effects on employee involvement.Journal of Business Communication. Tofanelli, D. (2012). Communication In Organizations. Bloomington: AuthorHouse. Ulmer, R. R., Sellnow, T. L., Seeger, M. W. (2013).Effective crisis communication: Moving from crisis to opportunity. Sage Publications. Van Riel, C. B., Fombrun, C. J. (2007).Essentials of corporate communication: Implementing practices for effective reputation management. Routledge. Zaremba, A.J. (2015). Crisis Communication:Theory and Practice. New York: M.E. Sharpe.